Less-lethal approaches are designed to achieve incapacitation of the attacker without the need to use lethal force. These approaches include electric stun guns, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and taser guns. Each of these tools has advantages and disadvantages. Effectiveness depends on the situation, use, and the capabilities of the wearer.

Stun guns and taser guns use an electrical discharge to temporarily disable the aggressor. These tools have the potential to minimize the risk of injury compared to live firearms. However, they are not always effective and can have serious consequences for people with certain medical conditions - such as pacemakers. The purchase price and maintenance of these devices is often very high

Pepper spray can temporarily blind the aggressor, allowing the victim to escape. It is a relatively safe, compact and affordable option when used properly. However, the aerosol, or gel, contained in pepper spray has a high dispersion, limiting use to close range.

Rubber projectiles are projectiles that are softer than traditional firearm or polymer projectiles. Their purpose is to disable an attacker without causing fatal injury. These projectiles are often used in situations where it is necessary to stop a dangerous individual for an extended period of time while minimizing the risk of serious injury, however, their effectiveness is affected by many factors. One of these is often a thick layer of clothing which can severely limit the effects.